By Fareed Zakaria
When I was getting my PhD in political science, the course I probably found least interesting at the time was the mandatory one on statistics. And yet it has probably been the course that has, at a practical level, been the most useful in helping me understand politics, because it gave me a framework and understanding of how to analyze data. So to watch the divisions during the presidential campaign between political operators who think that politics is all art and no science on the one hand, and the statisticians on the other, has been fascinating.
I do think that the social sciences – even economics – are quite different from areas like physics and mathematics, because subjects like international relations require analysis to be textured and historical. However, it is also clear to me that one area where statistical methods have worked very well has been in analysis of voting, because this is an area where you have lots of very clear, tangible data. And you also have much repetition of the experiment, allowing you to reduce the chances of misleading anomalies.
What has this meant in practice this year? Statistician Nate Silver and others have turned these tools on American elections. And in Silver’s case, the results have been extraordinary – he looks to have correctly called all 50 states in yesterday’s election.
More from CNN: The anatomy of Romney's defeat
So why so much handwringing among political operators? Because Silver’s predictions suggest that a lot of what they are paid handsomely to do is actually worthless. Silver’s model has shown Obama in roughly the same place for the last four months – through the conventions, the debates and up until polling day. This suggests that the manipulations and tactics employed by the campaigns over this period have had little impact despite the fact that political operators get paid millions of dollars to effect week-to-week and month-to-month movements in support.
This isn’t just an intellectual divide. You can’t help but feel that when people like Karl Rove were saying that the momentum was with Romney, and were confidently predicting that he was going to win, that it was also in their own interests to be saying such things. After all, this is how political operators make their money, and they are keen to report to candidates that momentum is on their side, suggesting that as long as the candidate keeps writing checks, then he or she has a better chance of winning.
But I think the bigger and more fascinating takeaway from this debate is that the combination of the sophisticated statistical analysis (which can only provide us with this kind of accuracy when it is a big presidential election, during which there are many, many state polls) coupled with micro-targeting of voters, is the future of politics. Why? Because it allows campaigns to spend money incredibly efficiently, for example by placing ads in TV shows that certain audiences are much more likely to watch.
But all this raises a troubling question – if politics gets overrun by all this highly statistical analysis, will it start to look like drone warfare, where what you see outside is merely a shadow, while what is really happening is going on deep inside some control room where a bunch of geeks are analyzing and manipulating data with the latest technology?
So statistical-based targeting may very well be the future not just of American politics, but campaigns elsewhere – one thing we know about U.S. politics is that it is often a trendsetter for the rest of the world. Don’t be surprised if at Britain’s next general election you start seeing American-style, statistical drone warfare.
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It's becoming increasingly difficult for voters to avoid being manipulated. I think we need a time out on targetted politicking.
I like this article save for the drone analogy, which seems forced to take advantage of the current Iranian issue.
Electioneering has become more of a smart-bomb campaign, not drone warfare. And seeing how well it worked, expect more!
What an idiot... His Sunday show should be scrapped. It's so depressing....
Please return to your cave in Pakistan. You will find tasteful shows and biryanis of your likings
Interesting. Hopefully this will lead to more scientific, evidence based campaigns. Do rallies work? Does kissing babies work? Where is the proof? There is a bunch of stuff that is being done but no one knows if it actually makes a difference.
Nice article! You always have a nice article Fareed... Keep it up!
Why dont you crawl into your rathole in India aka Hindoo-stan
Man, why does Zakaria get paid the big bucks to write about common sense? He needs to go back to Pakistan.
Speaking of statistics, what are the odds that Mr. Zakaria actually wrote this article?
lol, I was wondering about that too. probably pretty good, seeing as he was recently caught:)
The use of modeling and statistics for better targeting should not be a surprise. Businesses have been using the technology to improve sales for 20 years. The surprise is the amount of time it took for political campaigns to catch on.
Math and only math determine outcomes. Sociology has nothing to do with it. Your side gets the turnout then you win. Way too many conservatives stayed home.
Silver's correct predictions are impressive but do not mean that ad money was wasted–there was no significant movement in numbers because both sides were constantly investing in preventing the other side from making that happen. If one side had stopped it's ad campaign, they could have fallen behind significantly. FZ, looks like you did not take the courses on Game Theory and Strategy in your PhD studies.
I suggest you read this book: "The Art of Strategy" (http://www.artofstrategy.net/) and this paper: "Advertising Effects in Presidential Elections (http://www.columbia.edu/~brg2114/files/AdEffects.pdf). Fascinating reads. But coming back to your initial point, hats off to Nate Slver.
Very true. Zakaria should understand more about mass communication for as a journalist than he seems to understand.
How to test another countries air defenses? Send a drone.
nice catch... you think obama sent that thing in to check on iran's response? if thats true, the we should prepare for war
Here is one reason why Statistics can be a powerful tool. Predictability !!! Analysis of Variance indicates that the probablity that an Indian Hindu's brain is attached to his @ss is on the order of 0.9999 !!! Wow ....that explains it al....doesn't it.
nice article. thank you!
Ok – so the stats worked and didn't lie, which is hardly surprising I make a living out of data analysis. What does surprise me is the surprise that the pundits got it wrong. Their role is to believe their side will win, and convince enough people to believe that. And they are paid good money by other self interested groups in the media to push that view strongly. In other words they are paid to create 'spin' – spinning the truth to create a new more palatable truth for their employers which does not really exist. that is the nature of modern political discouse, there is no reality. it is therefor hardly surprising that the more believable discourse won. The interesting thing for as an outsider is the fact that so many don't vote. If these people did vote regularly, I don't think Obama or Romney would even be candidates. The discourse would be more moderate and the weird side of politics would know they were considered weird.
Ps please convince Obama that using drones is not the way to make friends and influence people, if you want to win the war you you need too win the 'hearts and minds' as well.
What happened to Fareed Zakaria's Sunday broadcast? We miss it very much. He is has the most interesting and intelligent news commentary program on TV.
Drones. Coming to your neighborhood.
Mr. Zakaria: One cannot help but wonder, if you plagiarized as a professional, then your moral make up, according to statistics, is such that you must have plagiarized on your way to your Ph. D.
What does everyone think about this?
google "how algorithms shape our world" and watch the video to the end
Nice column for those of us who have to teach that core stats course to unwilling grad students.
Thank you Fareed!
"This suggests that the manipulations and tactics employed by the campaigns over this period have had little impact"
Wrong, the data don't rule out this possibility, but you cannot conclude this from the data. In product advertising, the amount of money spent does not seem to increase sales. However, when advertising revenue is cut, sales drop off and market share goes down. The trick is determining how much advertising is needed to maintain market share. The same could easily be true for politics. Without all the money and campaigning, support might drop. We have no data addressing this possibility.
Obama supporters are doing helluva job of making Obama looking really, really bad in comparision.
Romney & Ryan lost because nothing they said would add up to anything other than Armagedon of the United States of America.
We should all read Isaac Asimov's "Foundation" trilogy. He postulates that Psychohistory, a statistical way of looking at past, present and future history, has evolved to the point where we can predict accurately the large-scale movement of historical events. We may be closer to that than I thought!
Sid
Statistical analysis is really nothing at all like drone warfare. It is simply a poor analogy.
Fareed Zakaria takes small snippets from the Economist and then makes them a full article. Has not learned from his pliagirism charges yet.
Kakaria – in addition to statistics you should have also taken courses in critical thinking and analysis. While net net Obama stayed the same over 4 months despite what the Romney team did was because the Obama team was smarter. Whatever new and damaging crapola the Romney threw, the Obama team countered it. Had the Obama team not done anything, which is what you suggested wasn't necessary, they would have been adversley impacted and lost the election. So step back from your numbers Fareed, and see the big picture.
Drones are so popular in US: I think one of them should run for a President next time!
I think Zaharia is right but misses the larger point. WE – the voters – control things. WE have allowed our process to be reduced to this. WE have shown ourselves to be highly manipulable and not sophisticated consumers of information. WE do not hold politicians accountable for nakedly shameful spin and reversal of previous statements and policies, nor for failure to disclose anything that might commit them. And on and on, ad nauseum. If we did a better job ourselves as an electorate, this cottage industry of market-research driven campaigns would be neither necessary nor particularly helpful for candidates.
Please do not blame yourselves: you do not control things! Both Democrats and Republicans may have different rhetoric but represent the same interests! So nothing really matters!